CBSE Class 12 Board — Complete Syllabus

Covers the structure of flowers, development of gametophytes, pollination mechanisms, fertilization, and post-fertilization events leading to seed and fruit formation, including special modes like apomixis.

Details the male and female reproductive systems, gamete formation, the menstrual cycle, fertilization, early embryonic development, and the processes of pregnancy, parturition, and lactation.

Addresses the importance of reproductive health, prevention of STDs, methods of birth control and contraception, medical termination of pregnancy, and assisted reproductive technologies.

Explores the principles of heredity and variation, including Mendelian inheritance, deviations from Mendelism, chromosome theory, sex determination, linkage, crossing over, and genetic disorders.

Covers the search for genetic material, structure and function of DNA and RNA, DNA replication, transcription, translation, gene expression, regulation (lac operon), and genome projects.

Discusses the origin of life, biological evolution, its evidences, Darwin's contribution, the modern synthetic theory, mechanisms of evolution, and human evolution.

Covers pathogens, human diseases, basic immunology, vaccines, cancer, HIV/AIDS, and drug and alcohol abuse.

Explores the role of microbes in human welfare, including food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment, energy generation, and their use as bio-control agents and bio-fertilizers.

Focuses on the principles and processes of biotechnology, primarily genetic engineering and recombinant DNA technology.

Details the applications of biotechnology in health and agriculture, including human insulin production, vaccine production, gene therapy, genetically modified organisms, and biosafety issues.

Covers population interactions, population attributes such as growth, birth rate, death rate, and age distribution.

Discusses the patterns, components, productivity, decomposition, energy flow, and ecological pyramids within ecosystems.

Explores the concept, patterns, and importance of biodiversity, loss of biodiversity, and methods of biodiversity conservation including hotspots and protected areas.